Gender Discrimination The Glass Ceiling Affect Gender...

INTRODUCTION: Women workers in the prime working ages of 26 to 59 make only 38 percent of what prime-age men earn,(Marley S. Weiss, 2007, page 64). Discrimination against gender is very common in the workplace. The purpose of this explanatory research is to discuss the discrimination women face in society and the workforce as well as the challenges faced by marital status. The sociological theories on the macro level that will be used to analyze this subject include; the conflict perspective theory, the feminist theory and the functionalist perspective. On this topic of discrimination, the research done will discuss the concepts of double jeopardy, affirmative action, the glass ceiling affect, gender groups, stereotyping, and†¦show more content†¦Because of this many women today still have responsibilities at home which restrict them from pursuing careers that men are stereotyped to have. Inequality in the workplace reflects and reinforces inequality at home. Although husban ds have increased their share of household tasks, recent surveys find that wives still assume at least two thirds of domestic obligations. When paid and unpaid labor are combined, women work longer and have less income than men, (Deborah Rhode,1997, page 142). Women are faced with the stereotype that they are meant to be feminine, gentle, kind patient and affectionate while men are stereotyped to be strong, courageous, and the bread winners of families. This would correspond to the feminist theory, because of this stereotype men believe that they should be the one’s providing for their families while women do all the house work such as cleaning, cooking and also taking care of and raising their children. When work comes into play this typically does not change the roles that women are expected to fulfill at home. Stereotyping is an exaggerated statement about a large group of people and therefore it can be concluded that most stereotypes are false. Men and women should be abl e to do tasks which are viewed as both feminine and/or masculine. Women should have the opportunity to pursue career goals that are labeled as masculine and they should be benefiting from these jobs on an equal level to men. Unfortunately in society there are gender

Is It Pink By Robert N. Minor - 1220 Words

In this analysis, I will be examining chapter three, â€Å"Is it Pink? Is it Blue?† of Robert N. Minor’s book, Scared Straight: Why It s So Hard to Accept Gay People and Why It s So Hard to Be Human. Minor is a Professor of Religious Studies at University of Kansas, and often focuses his writing toward gay rights and gender roles in society. This particular book is a cultural critique of the United States’ gender roles and homophobia. Minor’s arguments leave a weak impression and leave readers with a sense of confusion. Minor ineffectively uses rhetoric in his arguments to establish purpose, inform his audience, use effective language, or to persuade his audience to take action. Minor’s argument is essentially that our society’s gender roles†¦show more content†¦These factors lead the audience to question his credibility. In Minor’s writing, he is often hypocritical. For example, while he claims to be a strong advocate for equality between the sexes, he speaks almost entirely about men’s gender roles, only touching on female gender roles. He never even mentions different gender identities besides male and female. He also always begins speaking about men before women, which several might argue is an example of the injustices he is trying to argue against. Often he will take up two or three pages speaking about the male point of view on a topic, but only a few paragraphs relating to the female side. Also, the female side is usually used to contrast the male side, rather than being written about as its own entity. The fact that he speaks only about â€Å"men† and â€Å"women† show that he himself may be ignorant towards other identities. Additionally, while Minor constantly pushes for more tolerance for different sexual orientations, his definition of other sexual orientations seems to be limited to gay men, completely ignoring an entire spectrum of sexual orientations and gender identities. In a sense, Minor is perpetuating the same gender roles he is arguing so strongly against. Minor also uses incredibly vague sources in his writing. One example of this is seen when he incorporates a strange poem into his â€Å"evidence† (71). It isn’t recognizable or even by a recognizable author. The

Job Krogstad Essay Example For Students

Job Krogstad Essay Torvald: I cant remember the last time I loved Nora. All I can remember is how beautiful she looked when I first saw her, and how she reminded meof a doll, so innocent, so sweet, just waiting to be played with, to be taught about the world, I could dress her up, and she would be mine, people would look at her and think, my Torvald is a lucky manand I was. if I ever loved her then I cant remember when I changed and if I didnt then she didnt deserve me. But, a part of me wishes, wishes that I did, that I should have, that of all the mistakes I could make in my life, and all the mistakes I have made, that the mistake of not loving her, not showing it, and making her runaway like thatthat is a mistake that god himself could not forgive. Krogstad: I am not going to say you are wrong, Torvald, I am only going to offer you hopethat-  Torvald: Come back to your job Krogstad, please, come back. Ill give you a good position, better than anything you would have wanted. Just come back.  Krogstad: No Torvald, you cant correct your mistake like that. It has been decided. Ms Linde and I are leaving; our carriage will be waiting for us soon.  Torvald: I dont understand! Why wont you accept your job back?  Krogstad: Because, Torvald, I dont want to work with a man like you. You are inconsiderate, you are full of yourself, you always think of the quick way to solve a problem. You are the epitome of everything in the world that has gone against me. (Krogstad walks to the door and stands in the door frame)  Torvald: Dont go, please Krogstad, dont go. Stay here, work for me, I will change, I have to, dont you see, how can I go on like this, after everyone finds out about Nora I will be ruined, my reputation, my new job will be taken back, I might even be fired because of this, they need a family man, a man, who has the perfect life. I do not, or ever had the perfect life, I just lost the perfect lie though, and that, is almost the same thing. Almost.  Krogstad: Almost. Torvald, you need some sleep-  Torvald: No! (Gets up) Dont you see, Ive been asleep my whole life! Ive never been more awake, Ive been following orders before, but Nora leaving, makes me see, the most wonderful thing of all-  Krogstad: Torvald. Goodbye. I wish the best of luck to you, and I wish the best of luck to Nora. Goodbye, get some sleep, and I suggest you stop thinking about Nora. She is gone. People will find out, and you will suffer the concequences. And I do not want to be here to see it. I had too much respect for you. Goodbye. (Walks out of the door, closing it behind him leaving Torvald, who slumps back down again and the fire behind him dies out and leaves him in darkness.)  Torvald: Goodbye.

Juno and the Paycock Essay Example

Juno and the Paycock Paper In 1920s Dublin, men were considered more superior than women. The men had to support their families as they were the main source of financial income. In working class families, women also had to work. If they didnt, they wouldnt be able to pay the rent, or possibly not be able to feed their family. Women also had to look after the family and children, and had to do all of the housework. Men seemed to have control over women, who couldnt do anything to stop them. In Juno and the Paycock, Sean OCasey paints a different picture. Although the men believe they are in control, it is really the women who are in the drivers seat. OCasey believes that the women in his play are stronger, more enduring and unselfish than the male characters. OCasey himself believed that women were secretly in charge. He had a very strong relationship with his mother, as his father died when he was only six years old. He was also the youngest surviving child out of his other thirteen siblings. As he was brought up by his widowed mother, he sees that women are dominant and men are weaker. In Juno, we find that the Boyle family have come into a great deal of wealth. Almost immediately, Captain Jack Boyle spends most of it, hence, giving him the title of the Paycock. We will write a custom essay sample on Juno and the Paycock specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Juno and the Paycock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Juno and the Paycock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Johnny Boyle, his son, has a secret, which gradually unfolds as the story progresses. It turns out that he has been a government informer; you didnt think o that when you gave him away to the gang that sent him to his grave. This ultimately leads to Johnnys execution; where were you when me darlin son was riddled with bullets. Juno Boyle, Boyles wife, in the centre of everything, is feeling the burdens of life on her shoulders as she tries to keep her family together. Mary Boyle, Jack and Junos daughter, has found a new boyfriend. He is Charlie Bentham, and is very rich. We are later told that he has left Mary as she is now pregnant. We then learn that there was never any money for the Boyles; Theres no money comin to us at all the Wills a washout! Fed up, Juno, with a drunkard husband and a dead son, finally leaves Boyle, with Mary at her side. This is where Juno says to Mary about her baby; Itll have whats far betther itll have two mothers. This is good for the child as Juno is responsible and will be able to use her own experience to her advantage. I expect that Boyle will be left on his own, possibly with his best friend, Joxer Daily, at his side. Boyle has done nothing to help or support his family in any situation. Boyle is the head of the house, but it is Juno who seems to do all the work since Boyle would rather spend his time sipping lager and telling tales. Juno is very responsible and very reliable, while Boyle is completely undependable and irresponsible. Juno will protect her family with her life, but Boyle is plain lazy; If it werent for the terrible pains in me legs is always his excuse for not finding a job to help support his family financially. Johnny and Mary are the children of Boyle and Juno. Johnny, who was injured fighting for Ireland, and Mary, who is on strike for the principle of it, are both still trying to grow up. Mary, the elder of the two siblings, is stubborn, saying that she will stick to her principles, and Johnny is trying to hide from his comrades. Johnny has recently become very sensitive and quiet. He is worried about the death of Robbie Tancred, an old childhood friend. Mary however, is still as outgoing as ever. She enjoys a social life, and does not seem at all phased about being on strike, and having an awkward family. Mary and Johnny are both similar in the way that they both stand up for what they believe in. Mary is on strike, and Johnny stands up for his beliefs for Ireland. He lost an arm, and received a permanent limp from fighting during the Easter Rising. Johnny feels disgusted that Mary is pregnant and yet he hasnt told anyone what he has done. She should be dhriven out o th house shes brought disgrace on! He is being hypocritical. Mrs. Madigan, Mrs. Tancred and Joxer are all friendly with the Boyle family. Joxer is Boyles butty and drinking companion. Mrs. Madigan and Mrs. Tancred are the Boyles neighbours. Mrs. Madigan and Joxer are both very friendly and wish to help out. Yet, Joxer is a lazy lay-about. Mrs. Tancred is in grief when we meet her, but speaks passionately about wanting no more deaths and killings. When Mrs. Madigan hears of the Boyles inheritance, she has nothing but good words for them. Though when she finds out that there is no money, she angrily confronts Boyle for money she lent him, and then takes his gramophone as payment. She seems very two faced; nice and friendly one minute, then the next she is biting off Boyles head. Jerry Devine was Marys old boyfriend. He is still in love with her, but she has found a new boyfriend. He is called Charlie Bentham, a rich school teacher, now turning to work in law. Jerry doesnt realize that Mary doesnt want to be with him. He says to her; Let me kiss your hand when she refuses to go back with him. He is completely obsessed with Mary. Charlie is in love with Mary too and helps the Boyles with the will. However when Mary becomes pregnant, Charlie runs away to England, afraid of commitment and the results of his actions. When Jerry comes to Mary again, he wants her to return with him, as he knows that Bentham has left. He doesnt know that Mary is pregnant, and when he finds out, he leaves in shock. On the surface, Jerry and Charlie both seem to love and care about Mary, but when the worst comes to the worst, they quickly leave her to fend for herself. The women in Juno and the Paycock have many positive characteristics. They have strength, determination and are all friendly and caring. They all have strength to get through hard times (eg. Juno supporting her family; Mrs. Tancred during her bereavement). Juno is determined to make Boyle find a job and no matter what the situation, they are always loving (eg. Mrs. Madigan always wanting to help out). Women are completely different from the men. The men are lazy (eg. Boyle not finding any jobs; Boyle and Joxer in the snug all of the time), money wasters (eg. Boyle spending the money on a gramophone), and contradictive (eg. Boyle says he doesnt like the church or Father Farrell, then saying that the country would be nothing without them). Womens qualities outweigh their faults. They are stronger and better than what their faults says about them. Their negative qualities say they are vain and stubborn, but this is nothing in comparison to their positive qualities of being strong, resilient, loving, caring and determined. During this period in history, women were made to feel that they were inferior to men. But, OCaseys play defies this. Juno stands her ground against the men, and when she has had enough of them, she leaves Boyle. Juno and Mary decide to make their own way in the world, and forget about Boyle. Itll have whats far betther itll have two mothers. I feel that the baby will be better off with two mothers, especially if they are Juno and Mary. They are both wise enough not to fall into traps set by men, and know how not to raise the child. Juno was a good mother to Johnny and Mary, and so will be a great help to Mary and her child. They would raise the baby to be everything that Boyle was not. Yes, the women are more superior to the men. They are smarter and wiser. Although the men feel that they are in power, the women are weaving their way through the woodwork.

Death Penalty5 essays

Death Penalty5 essays Imagine a man who commits murder, and is given a fifteen year jail sentence and is returned to the streets where he kills again. He is imprisoned again only to be released. This could happen since almost one in ten death row inmates has been convicted of murder at least once. That means that some death row inmates have had more than one opportunity to rehabilitate, yet continue to commit crimes. Should the U.S. justice system continue to let violent criminals back on the streets where they are likely to commit murder again? Capital punishment is one of the oldest forms of punishment. Most societies have thought it to be fair punishment for severe crimes. American colonists used capital punishment before the U.S. was a country, and most states still use it today. Currently, however, there has been a controversy surrounding the death penalty. Capital cases are long and expensive, and there are arguments in support and against capital punishment as a deterrent. If the laws con cerning capital punishment were modified so that it would become consistent, perhaps then it would be effective. But if that took place, would capital punishment be morally permissible? From a utilitarian standpoint, some crimes are so outrageous, such as murder, that it is by enacting the highest penalty for the taking of human life that society affirms the highest value of human life. Thus, if capital punishment is the most beneficial option to society, then the ends justify the means. One argument states that the death penalty doesn't deter crime. Dismissing capital punishment on that basis requires one to eliminate all prisons as well because they don't seem to be any more effective in the deterrence of crime. During the suspension of capital punishment from 1972-1976 research shows that "in 1960, there were 56 executions in the U.S. and 9,140 murders. By 1964, when there were 15 executions, murders had risen to 9,250. In 1969, there were no e...

Quotes About Being Nice from Famous People

Quotes About Being Nice from Famous People It is important to be nice. But sometimes being nice can be misconstrued as being weak. Should you be nice to everybody? Should you be nice only when others are nice to you? Do nice guys and gals finish last? Here are some interesting views and quotes about being nice.   Dave Barry A person who is nice to you, but rude to the waiter, is not a nice person. Garrison Keillor You taught me to be nice, so nice that now I am so full of niceness, I have no sense of right and wrong, no outrage, no passion. Dag Hammarskjold It is easy to be nice, even to an enemy from lack of character. Addison Walker Its not true that nice guys finish last. Nice guys are winners before the game even starts. Wilson Mizner Be nice to people on your way up because you’ll meet them on your way down. Phyllis Diller Always be nice to your children because they are the ones who will choose your rest home. Fay Weldon Young women especially have something invested in being nice people, and it’s only when you have children that you realize you’re not a nice person at all, but generally a selfish bully. Bill Gates Be nice to nerds. Chances are you’ll end up working for one. Lord Hanson Always be nice to bankers. Always be nice to pension fund managers. Always be nice to the media. In that order. Drew Barrymore Weve got to learn hard things in our lifetime, but its love that gives you the strength. Its being nice to people and having a lot of fun and laughing harder than anything,  hopefully, every single day of your life. Michael Arlen It is amazing how nice people are to you when they know youre going away. Richard Simmons Everyone in this world is somehow connected. So why not just be nice to everybody. Robert De Niro The hardest thing about being famous is that people are always nice to you. Paul Arden Everybody wants to be good, but not many are prepared to make the sacrifices it takes to be great. To many people, being nice in order to be liked is more important. Theres equal merit in that, but you must not confuse being good with being liked. Kirk Douglas Virtue is not photogenic. What is it to be a nice guy? To be nothing, thats what. A big fat zero with a smile for everybody. Muhammad Ali At home, I am a nice guy: but I dont want the world to know. Humble people, Ive found, dont get very far. Lillie Langtry No person in the world ever lost anything by being nice to me. John Templeton It is nice to be important, but its more important to be nice. Bryan Cranston Weve been trained since kindergarten: Be nice, be kind, share, put on a smile. So were conditioned to squash our natural selfish instincts, and thats the right thing for society.

Capturing a market - product development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Capturing a market - product development - Essay Example There has been news about inferior quality of Chinese products, harmful Chinese products, china's conflict with Tibet, contaminated liquor, etc. In its aspiration to be a global marketer, china needs to strategise its move so that it appears as the strongest contender across the globe. It needs to establish a positive and congenial brand equity with conscious efforts to undo the tarnished image. China as a brand is very popular with the world. There is no dearth of FDI in the country. Even amidst economic crises, China expects a drop of only 10% as far as FDI is concerned. Thus there is immense brand awareness and china is viewed as a market with huge potential. Thus the attitude of the customer is positive. China now needs to create brand knowledge and a positive perception of ethics and behaviour. China is known to be a conservative society and it maintains a particular code of conduct with regards to business practices. It offers talent as far as skilled workers is concerned, cheap labour for production, raw material at competitive prices and great entrepreneurs. They are a closely bound society and Chinese expatriates take care of development in the country, the Chinese talent is spread across the world and occupy high levels in organisations. A. Designing marketing strategy: A well designed and precise marketing strategy will generate brand awareness and brand associations, thereby effecting consumer knowledge in a positive manner. A. Showcasing China: Participate in expositions and showcase china as a tourist destination, industrial destination, HR destination, investment destination, etc. Alongside convince about the ethical practices and the approaches Chinese adopt in various situations. Any negative news should be countered through creative ways. B. Establishing China as a quality producer- Reposition: China faces the brunt of the buyers on the grounds that the product though cheap does not last long and is beyond repair most of the time. It's about time this perception is changed. Technological advancement should be followed and quality products should be manufactured and exported to the global markets. In doing this of course the price competitiveness will have to be maintained. C. Investments in R & D: Research and development initiatives will alter china's image as a market that imitates and makes the products at a cheaper cost. It should design and manufactures some trade marked products so that there is a change in the perception. D. Public Relations: To rebut a few charges against few industries for instance baby food industry, china should indulge in heavy P R exercise stating facts and coming up with clarifications. Through P R it should also initiate write ups and articles in other countries stating strengths of brand china, its new initiatives, new products, etc. E. Communication strategy: A communication strategy should be adopted each year with specified agenda which gives guidelines to all the involved personnel on what

Discuss the impact of race, class and culture on responses to Black Essay

Discuss the impact of race, class and culture on responses to Black and minority ethnic womens experiences of domestic violence - Essay Example Therefore, this essay will discuss how the differences in race, class and culture varies the response of minority ethnic or black women’s response to domestic violence. For example, many black women would rather live in an abusive relationship instead of living singly forever (Mama, 2000 in Hanmer & Itzin, 2000). On the other hand, a white woman may not stand being a victim and demand separation. This example portrays how differently people of different cultures and ethnic backgrounds respond to domestic violence. However, this paper will discuss this in detail, while supporting arguments with various books and journals. Further more, the facts will be critically analyzed and evaluated. Additionally, subheadings will be used to categorize the important aspects of the topic. Blacks: In America, Blacks are those people of any known African Black ancestry, according to the â€Å"one-drop† rule that determined even a single drop of â€Å"Black blood† would make a person Black (Davis, n.d., p.5). Concerning who Blacks are, Graham (2002) commented that â€Å"Blacks were persons having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa† (p. 145). â€Å"A group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State, in a non-dominant position, whose members being nationals of the State possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population and show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language†. (Caportorti, 1991, as cited by Malanczuk & Akehurst, 1997, p. 106) Domestic violence: this term is many a times referred to as â€Å"intimate partner violence/spouse abuse† (Castle, Kulkami & Abel, 2006: 93). One definition of domestic violence can be a trend of forceful authority which makes up physical, sexual and/or psychological assault toward an intimate partner, either current or former. There is no actual UK

Arthur Schopenhauer Essay Example for Free

Arthur Schopenhauer Essay Arthur Schopenhauer is a German philosopher who was born on February 22nd, 1788 and died on September 21st, 1860. He was born in the city of Danzig but later moved to the city of Hamburg where he became interested in studying metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Schopenhauer is known as the philosopher of Pessimism because he created a theory that challenged the value of existence. Schopenhauer’s main focus was on individual motivation ‘the will’ and how human desires cause pain and suffering. He wrote a book on the will called The World as Will and Representation. This book was a collaboration of Kant’s idea of idealism with his own theory on that the will is the thing-in-itself. Schopenhauer was greatly influenced by thinkers like Kant and Plato. He as well influenced thinkers like Sigmund Freud, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Friedrich Nietzsche. Summary of Ideas: The ‘Will†: Schopenhauer believed that humans were only motivated by their basic desires. He believed that human desires only cause suffering and pain. As well he believed that human desires are illogical and directionless. He believed that the will controls all aspects of human life. Schopenhauer’s ideas on the will are similar to the ideas of Buddhism and the four noble truths. He believed that free will exists but humans are not able to achieve it because everything is determined by how the body reacts to a situation. He stated that Man can indeed do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wants. †(On the Freedom of the Will) Ethics: The basics of Schopenhauer ethics is about compassion. He believes compassion can’t be taught but only learned by experience. Compassion is the knowledge of seeing someone suffer equally to a suffering they have faced in their life and being able to relate and have sympathy for them. Schopenhauer distinguishes a good person not from the nature of their actions but the level of compassion they have for them. He believes that the difference between a good person and a normal person is distinguished by when seeing someone suffer the good person will sacrifice his own well-being for the other person. Therefore he takes on all their troubles. Schopenhauer believes this is the highest degree in ethical conduct. Pessimism: Schopenhauer believes since the will has no purpose or goal that the will can never achieve satisfaction. He believes the main goal of existence is to gain satisfaction but trying to achieve it is unsustainable because it leads to frustration. For that reason he says existence of human beings can only be characterized by suffering. He believes this theory is for all animals and since humans have a higher intellectual capacity that they will suffer more in life than any other animal. He as well stated that even using reasoning will not change the amount of suffering the person experiences because reason only increases the suffering. Schopenhauer concludes that nonexistence is and should be more preferable then existence. He believes people should realize that to exist is to suffer and the goal in life for people should be to try and resist one’s desires. Application: Animal Welfare: Schopenhauer believed humans and animals are essentially equal and the same. He believed that everything is basically will and that humans and animals are the same because they can recognize characteristics and emotion in each other. Schopenhauer stated â€Å"Unlike the intellect, it [the Will] does not depend on the perfection of the organism, but is essentially the same in all animals as that which is known to us so intimately. Accordingly, the animal has all the emotions of humans, such as joy, grief, fear, anger, love, hatred, strong desire, envy, and so on. The great difference between human and animal rests solely on the intellects degrees of perfection. (On the Will in Nature, Physiology and Pathology) He believed that a good person will have compassion for animals when they are hurt because they are fellow sufferers. People who are cruel to animals are not good people because they do not have compassion.

George Clymer :: essays research papers

George Clymer was born in Philedelphia in 1739. His father was from a respectable family of bristol, in England and after his emigration to america became married to a lady from Philedelphia. Clymer was left by his parents in an orphanage at the young age of seven. He was then taken care of by his maternal uncle William Coleman, a gentelman who was respected by everyone in Phildelphia The education of Clymer was directed by his uncle. He was the perfect man for the job. Coleman had a great mind and early instilled in his nephew the love of reading. After the completion of his education Clymer entered the counting room of his uncle. His genius however, was little adapted to mercantille employments, being more inclined toliteary and and scientific pursuits. At the age of twenty seven,he was married ,as has already been noticed, to a daughter of meredith, a gentlemen of a good mind as his things will show. Mr washington had been noticing clymer for a while. He was very interested in clymer and thought he could do a good job. Little did he know was that Clymer would be a perfect fit in any situation. Mr Clymer has said to be a republican by nature. He was also a firm and devoted patriot. His feelings were strongly enlisted in him againstthe acts of the british government. He early accepted a captains commission in a company of voulnteers,raised for the defense of the province, and manfully opposed. A committee appointed, of which Clymer was chairman, to wait upon the cosignees, to request the not to sell. In 1775, Clymer was chosen as a member of the council of safety,and one of the first treasurers. The next year he was elected a member of the continental congress. In september, Clymer was appointed to visit Ticonderoga, in conjuction with Mr. Stocton, to inspect the affairs of the northern army. Clymer was not all that crazy about this idea. However he went a long with it and did a very good job. In 1777, clymer was again a member of congress. His duites during this session were ardous, and owing to his unremetting exertions, he was obliged to retire for a season for the recovery of his health. In the year 1796 clymer was appointed, together with Colonial Hawkins and Pickens, to negotiate a treaty with the cherokee and creek indians, in Georgia. With this in mind he sailed from Philly to Savannah, accompanied by his

Discrimination or Disparity in Policing

Discrimination refers to a difference in the kind of treatment given to individuals based on the race, ethnic background, social class, gender and so forth. Disparity on the other hand refers to a difference in outcomes of a situation which is not necessarily as a result of differential treatment or any kind of biased treatment. According to Wrobleski (2005), discrimination can be defined as a differential unequal treatment exhibited by a person when dealing with an individual from a certain race, sex, religion or ethnic origin.In policing, all citizens in a country are entitled to equal amount of protection under the state laws as a sign of democracy. Discrimination in policing occurs when police officers in a given state fail to practice fair treatment when dealing with their workmates and members of the public due to race, gender, ethnic origin, skin color or religion biases and it is a bit different from disparity. For instance, many traffic policemen are known to easily forgive women drivers who violate traffic rules but the same policemen become very strict when dealing with male drivers.On the other hand, women are known to be more careful drivers than their male counterparts and thus, not many women drivers violate traffic rules. The fact that there are many male traffic rules violators than women might lead to some difference in the number of traffic tickets given to women as opposed to those given to men. This kind of difference will be referred to as disparity and not discrimination. The police force has in the recent past being highly associated with cases of discrimination and favoritism.This paper seeks top identify the types of discrimination and disparity in policing mainly based on gender, race and class. Racial discrimination and disparity. The issue of racial and ethnic discrimination and disparity in policing has been widely researched and most studies indicate that there is a common pattern of systematic discrimination and disparity related to factors such as involvement in criminal activities, drug abuse and so forth. Systematic discrimination in policing can be defined as the type of differential treatment which is always present in a state's justice system regardless of the time or place.Most of racial discrimination in the justice systems exists in form of racial profiling (Wrobleski, 2005). Racial profiling refers to a situation whereby members of a certain race or ethnic origin are subjected to extensive surveillance, police force and criminal justice than others. For instance, law enforcement officers in the U. S have been accused of using the authority given to them in a discretionary way when dealing with minority motorists. The word minority here refers to the blacks, Hispanics or native Americans (Walker, Cassia & Miriam, 2000).This is a case of racial profiling and such cases have brought so much controversy in the American policing with many people claiming that the high rates of minority involvement in t raffic stops as opposed to the number of whites involved reflects how biased the traffic police officers are in terms of race. A study carried out by the U. S Rand Corporation in 2006 showed that the minority populations are more likely to be stopped by traffic officers, searched and accused of drug trafficking unlike their white counterparts.The study also discovered some pattern of racial disparities with many drug traffickers located in some parts of the state inhabited by the blacks and the Hispanics unlike those areas inhabited by the whites (Lanier & Stuart, 2008). However, the law enforcers are quick to defend themselves on this accusations claiming that they operate under pressure to track and bring to book those involved in drug use and trafficking activities. The term racial profiling has been replaced with racial biased policing to show how policing in U.S is biased towards the minority population. Apart from traffic police officers, the law enforcing unit in U. S has bee n generally accused of possessing a high tendency of using excessive force when dealing with the minority groups than when dealing with the whites. According to Fukurai (2002), racial discrimination and disparity in the U. S has also been identified in the federal justice systems. Racial disparities in the criminal justice systems has been attributed to the high number of minority populations involved in criminal activities.Racial discrimination is responsible for the disparity seen in police arrests, jury selection and prosecution procedures in the current criminal justice systems in the U. S. Gender discrimination and disparity. Discrimination in policing on the bases of gender is very common in U. S just like in most parts of the world. The major issue of gender discrimination and disparity in the U. S policing is associated with lack of gender integration whereby for a long time now, women have been highly ignored and denied the chance to work as police officers.However, a call for gender equality and affirmative action has increasingly advocated for women in the police force and through continued struggle and determination, more and more women are now working in the police force. The major challenge now is that, women police officers are discriminated against and have not been fully accepted by their male counterparts. Such women are subjected to cold reception, hostility and sexual harassment by their male workmates, supervisors and the police department as a whole (Wilbanks, 2007).Other challenges which affect women in policing include too many family responsibilities, conflict in societal roles, sexual harassment, doubts by the public concerning their ability to compete with their male counterparts, doubts about their self worth, inadequate facilities in the police force such as uniforms, locker rooms and so forth. This type of discrimination is worse when the woman in question belongs to the minority population. Researches have indicated that women fr om the minority populations are exposed to higher discrimination than the white women (Fukurai, 2002).However, it has been found that regardless of the race, all women in policing face a substantial amount of discrimination. Gender disparity in U. S is evident from the statistics depicted by a report by the State Security Department in 2007 which showed that women constitute only four percent of the police force as compared to their male counterparts (Miller, 2007). This can be attributed to discrimination in enrolling women to the police force and the conditions they are subjected to at the work place.Apart from discrimination of women police officers at the work place, another form of gender discrimination in policing is evident whereby, male police officers have been found to act with some level of leniency when dealing with women offenders unlike when dealing with male offenders. This is mostly common especially when the woman in question is young and attractive. Moreover, cases of police officers and law enforcers who ask for sexual favors from women so as to overlook their cases or rule in their favor are also quite common. Class discrimination and disparity.In the U. S, wealth distribution varies widely within the three major social classes. This includes upper class, middle class and low class societies. Most people in U. S fall under the middle class category. Discrimination in policing is brought about by the fact that law enforcers are more biased against low class populations as opposed to those in the middle and upper-class societies (Wrobleski, 2005). When it comes to justice and fairness, the poor people are often denied their rights by the rich and when they go to court, the accuser becomes the accused.This is because the rich have money to bribe in order to have justice passed in their favor. Disparity in terms of social class is common in policing due ti the fact that most poor people have a higher likelihood of engaging in crime and criminal activities when seeking means of survival. This is the main reason why crime is found to be more prevalent among low class societies as opposed to the upper and middle class societies. Conclusion. It is clear that discrimination or disparity is very common in U. S policing based on race, class and gender.Most of the reports and researches reviewed indicate that racial based discrimination is the most common type of discrimination in policing with most police officers practicing what is known as racial profiling. This affects the minority populations of all background regardless of their gender or class. Contemporary researches have also shown that the three types of discrimination interact closely with each other. For instance, most of the minority populations in U. S live in perpetual poverty due to lack of employment and unequal income distribution.This exposes them to higher discrimination due to their race as well as the social class. In addition, it has been found that most bl ack women who work in the police force are subjected to more gender discrimination than the white women. To some extent, discrimination in the police force leads to disparity especially in the case of gender discrimination among women in policing. It can thus be concluded that, discrimination has greatly affected the administration of justice in the criminal justice system and this calls for affirmative action to administer reforms in the system and ensure equal and fair justice for all. Reference. Fukurai, H. (2002). Where Did Hispanic Jurors Go? Racial and Ethnic Disenfranchisement in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grand Jury and the Search for Justice. Western Criminology Review 2(2). [Online].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved on Sept 20, 2008 from, . Miller, T. (2007). Gender Discrimination in U. S Policing. New York: Free Press. Lanier, M. and Stuart, H. (2008). Defining Crime. Essential Criminology.   Boulder, CO:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Westview Press. Walker, S., Cassia. S. & Miriam, D. (2000). The Color of Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing Company. Wilbanks, W. (2007). The Myth of the Racist Criminal Justice System. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Wrobleski, M. & Karen, M. (2005). Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.

Activity Intended for Enhancing a Skill Essay

This paper examines the effectiveness of the activity that is carried out in order to enhance a particular skill. The activity of turning letters into words is selected and carried out as a game between the members of an identified group with the main objective being attainment of improved group performance and development. The paper examines the degree of response achieved in the skill with the help of the intended activity. The game of Turning Letters into Words is an activity that is chosen to improve the development and performance of a group and is a great tool to develop knowledge abilities and skills through participation. Dividing the whole group into smaller teams helps in building a structured approach towards shared group objective. This activity creates a stimulating learning environment for each member and hones their behavioral skills to maximize the team’s performance and development. All the members participate fully in terms giving individual contribution as well as working together with others. Being an integral part of the team and having the responsibility of making the maximum words possible with the provided letters, gives a boost to the team spirit. Each member is then supposed to question oneself about whether the letters contributed by him/her helped or restricted the team members in making the most of the needed long words. This brings out the feeling of cohesiveness and suppresses the individualistic approach, which helps in rapid increase in performance levels. The collective act of choosing the letters and making maximum words not just brings the members together, but also promotes the feeling of trust, cooperation and the winning streak. The feeling of competing at the group level helps he members to cope with the distinct behaviors and perspectives, without getting into the blame game. Each member strives to achieve the maximum number of words by unknowingly working towards the strengths and weaknesses of their own teams and articulating the team’s vision. The activity of forming words as a team helps in establishing clear team guidelines, objectives and a well thought out team orientation process. The process of mapping the individual performance with the team’s overall performance while working at a high capacity in the present role augments the group development to accomplish the maximum performance. However, a close scrutiny of the team members’ reaction reveals that the age group is a significant factor in defining the individual’s response to such skill enhancing activities. The different set of values and attitude characterize the way the older generation is not so rapid with coming up with new words. The newer generation however responds more quickly to such skill grinding activities. Therefore, it can be concluded that strategically designed activities can surely be used to facilitate requisite skills such as yielding performance metrics, provided the management is well knowledgeable about the degree of responsiveness. References http://www. teambuildingportal. com/games/turning-letters-words. php

Square Dancing Essay Example

Square Dancing Essay Example Square Dancing Paper Square Dancing Paper Essay Topic: Rip Van Winkle What is Square Dancing? Square dancing was first developed by lonely farmers as a means of entertaining and wooing their livestock (or at least thats the rumor Im choosing to believe/spread). But honestly, how drunk on moonshine and bored with wife-beating did people used to be to develop this Jig of humiliation? More importantly, how†I reiterate HOW is it still around today? I mean wasnt Bugs Bunny mocking this like 60+ years ago? Barnfolk during a hootenanny. Personally, Im for Jettisoning into the sun everyone involved in any non-farming interaction that regularly takes place in a barn. Who the hell wants to dance around a riggin barn?! Barnfolk, thats who† and they permanently forgot to evolve. Lets talk about some things that would be present at any square dance Jig- off. First, its impossible to picture a group of people square dancing without there being that one guy with the obscenely long Rip Van Winkle beard. Of course, he wasnt magically asleep for 20 years when it grew, unless you count his life-long whiskey haze and vow against critical thinking. Second, the band always does that foot-stomp knee-slap head-bob thing, telepathically conveying the message were all a bunch of sinine hicks and we love it! The head-bob is the and we love it part. Third, well you may not see this, but square dancing is the only dance where its easy to picture a random farm animal suddenly standing up on two legs, Joining in, and it seems natural. Another bumpkin seduced by a Jigging goat. Bumpkins promenading across the room with goats and sheep; why not? They make- out with them regularly anyhow. I will admit Im fairly su rprised they called it square dancing at all considering the highest level of schooling in the room is probably a forged G. E. D. like they know what a square is) Bunch of geometrically confused hill-folk buck-toothed and guffawing as they spin around a cow trough. Damn I hate that square dancing still exists! One thing thats hard for me to picture is anyone hearing square dance music coming from a barn and not getting the imperative urge to run in the opposite direction. Speaking of the music, isnt there Just that one swing your partner song and thats it? Photo taken during a rendition of their song Proud to be Illiterate. I guess its nard to play a variety ot tunes when your band consists ot people playing he washboard, broomstick-bass, and blowing into that Jug with the >OCC on it. Stay tuned for my upcoming entry on Jug bands Speaking of the musicians, apparently square dancing was so lacking in class that renamed the violin the fiddle. I can picture that conversation: Hey hairy, drooling Jug band member, is that a violin youre playing? A vi-o-what? Welp, I dont rightly know, mister. An accurate de scription of square dancing. I Just fiddle with it, so I guess thats what it is. a fiddle drool, drool, drool, slurping p drool, more drool* Im sure he also fiddles with other things like the engine of his primer-colored pick-up truck and his malformed wiener whenever his cousin is watching. I dont mean to over generalize, but in reiterating my idea to launch all square dancers into the sun, I propose it would do the world more good than harm. This is exactly what square dancing looks like to me. Im willing to bet that other long-standing traditions like racism, sexism, fear of progress, and hatred for the scientific community would prove directly correlated as they dropped exponentially. Sad Fact 1: Theres an international association of square dance callers named Callerlab. Seriously. An international organization. Sad Fact 2 : Did you know that square dancing has been designated the official state dance in 19 states? State dance?! Why the HELL are there even† Oh I give up! (*gun fires and body hits the floor*) End. Supplemental material: Link to Bugs Bunny in Hillbilly Hare. Excerpt of lyrics from Pickle Up a Doodle, a square dance call. When that devil comes a-courtin, Ah-haw! Hell catch all eight, with a right hand half, Back by the left, go once and a half. Turn the corner by the right, make a wrong-way thar, And ya pickle up a doodle in the middle of the star. Shoot that star, left allemande, gonna pass your partner by, You box the gnat with the next one, and you swing er mighty high. Walk all around that corner, turn a left hand round your girl, Four ladies chain, chain the big, wide, wicked world. Roll promenade a shady lady. Gents roll back, but only one, Promenade, youre gonna have a little fun. It aint no sin to swing and sway, An you pickle up a doodle in the middle of the day.

First Civilizations of the Early World Essays

First Civilizations of the Early World Essays First Civilizations of the Early World Essay First Civilizations of the Early World Essay This period of only 7,400 years held many great advances in technology, social interactions, government, and even economics. From the development of agriculture to the caste system of the Aryans, this era in time was one of great growth, development, and change In the earliest civilizations of our history. The beginning of all civilizations started with the migration of humans out of Africa. The hunters and gatherers Inhabited almost every region of the world less than 15,000 years ago. The groups traveled around as nomads for hundreds of years. During that time, they developed tools such as axes, knives, and needles. Fire was also utilized as a tool. Spoken language developed during this period in time as well. Though the nomadic groups lived for thousands of years off of simply hunting and gathering, the Neolithic Revolution and the discovery of agriculture changed how they lived forever. The breakthrough process of farming led to the settlement of these nomadic groups and the formation of colonization. Job specialization, definition of social classes, gender roles and the trading of goods? especially metals such as copper and bronze?were all advancements made in violations as a result of the development of agriculture. Some geographic areas were not sustainable for farming, thus pastoral nomadic developed. Cities with marketplaces and organized governments followed shortly after the development of the civilizations. Such cities were usually located on riverbanks due to the availability of fertile soil. : Mesopotamia, an early farming community, was located on the Fertile Crescent of Asia. Irrigation along the Fertile Crescent allowed for mass food production, and therefore, sustainability of a larger population than previous violations could hold. The population was so large, in fact, that it began to develop city-states. A city-state is a free governed city that shares the agriculture of the adjoining land. The city-states all had similar cultures, yet each one had a different god or goddess that guarded them. Along with the large population of Mesopotamia came a complex social order of the citizens. At the top of the social class were kings and queens; at the bottom, slaves. Egypt was another civilization which much like Mesopotamia, was able to thrive due to the fertile soil of a river bank. The Nile River revived Egypt with the soils it needed to develop irrigation systems and build villages. Pharaohs were in charge of the Egyptian villages, and were at the top of the social class. Elaborate pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs, due to the religious beliefs of an afterlife. The pyramids were home to many high level paintings and sculptures of the gods and nature at that time, as well as hieroglyphics. Unlike the history of Egypt or Mesopotamia, the history of the Indus River Valley Is very unclear, due to the mystery of their written language, made up of over 400 symbols. Urbanize cities with grinded walls, temples, marketplaces, broad streets, and even separated areas of social classes have been found. The Aryan peoples Inhabited Indus around 1 700 BCC, but left little trace of their existence In the valley. What Is known about the Aryans Is from Veda, or a collection of sacred hymns, songs, and poems. Social status was based on your Verna, which was a part of the Aryan caste system. Indus had trading connections with Mesopotamia and Persia, which held 1500 BCC. The Yellow River or Hung He was the first river valley civilization to develop in China. The valley was ruled by the Sang Dynasty from 1766 to 1122 BCC. An important achievement from the dynasty was the development of Chinese pictograph characters. Oracle bones are used to prove the existence of the Sang Dynasty, containing predictions about the future written in the bones. The ruling of the Chou Dynasty followed the end of the Sang Dynasty. The Chou lasted longer than the Sang, and also had a greater impact on Chinese culture. The Mandate of Heaven and the veneration of ancestors were two large themes that were practiced during the ruling of the Chou Dynasty. The Mandate of Heaven was a concept that told the people there was a direct connection between rulers and gods. Floods, earthquakes, and other disastrous happenings were thought of as signs from the gods that the end of a dynasty was near. Though the Chou Dynasty was very structured, it eventually lost its power around 771 BCC. In the river banks of the Gulf of Mexico, the Elms settled in around 1500 BCC. Their most important settlements were San Lorenz and La Event. San Lorenz was the center for all things religious, political, or economical. Social class of the citizens in the settlements could usually e determined based off of the elaborateness of their clothing. The more elaborate, the higher they stood on the social ladder. During their time in the Gulf, the Elms built Colossal Heads, but how they achieved this is unknown. How the fall of the Elms occurred is unknown due to the abandonment of their ceremonial centers. Around the same time as the Elms were settling in the Gulf, a religious cult called the Chapin was gaining influence in South America. Both the civilizations of the Elms and the Shaving had influences on the empires and civilizations that came later on in the Americas.

Svedka Vodka Strategy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Svedka Vodka Strategy - Article Example However there was a gap in between the high end and the low end, i.e. there was no mid sized segment in the market as of now. In this scenario there was a chance of launching a new product into the vacuum mid sized segment with suitable marketing strategies and outlook. â€Å"Svedka† the to be launched mid segment vodka had many obstacles to encounter for entering into the already established vodka market. Since it was new, new techniques both in the production and marketing levels have to be adopted. The product should be of high drinking quality and should be distinguished for its soft silky drinkability. 1. Branded vodka has its mark in US market. International brands like Smirnoff, Absolut etc have created brand awareness in the market. The prices offered by both these leading brands were in between $20 and $25. Svedka was planned to introduce in the mid sized segment because there were no real competitors in the offing. Moreover cost reduction techniques like outsourcing of production which was a major strength of Svedka enabled the product to be sold on a lower price. The under $10 market of vodka was nearly 80% of the total market share of the spirit therefore the chances of success of Svedka is bright provided it be introduced in a planned way. A competitive pricing strategy should be adopted for this purpose, may be market oriented pricing or penetrating pricing(Kotler,Keller,Brady,Goodman&Hansen). The real competitor for Svedka would be from Smirnoff which was selling vodka a price of $10 per bottle, Smirnoff enjoyed a huge 19.7% share in the market. However by the entrance of Absolut, Smirnoff was under pressure. Therefore if Svedka was introduced properly in the mid tier segment, it could really tap the potential and give a real time competition to Smirnoff. The other brands which are under $10 per bottle are Gordon and Popov, which have only a very little market share. Another important aspect in this scenario is that Svedka due to its cost effective strategy is able to offer of 25% to wholesaler and 30% to 35% to retailers. This is considerably high according to normal industrial standards hence it could provide a boost to wholesalers and retailers to sell Svedka. 2. Marketing strategy is a process by which an organization concentrates on its limited resources and cashes on its greatest opportunities in order to increase sales and achieve a sustainable and competitive advantage. The marketing strategy should be centered on customer satisfaction (Kotler,Keller,Brady,Goodman&Hansen). Customers are more aware of prices of the products they buy along with the quality. Of course, Svedka has quality because it is manufactured raw. Therefore the price segment should be given much importance. The market share of low priced vodka is around 80% therefore Svedka if priced less, I.e, below $10 could command greater respect from its customers. Another important aspect that has to be considered is the reach of the product to the cu stomers. For this purpose a brand image has to be created just like Smirnoff used to do. Svedka should appeal to new vodka drinkers along with up graders. It should be a choice for both price driven groups. Target customers who are not brand loyal but young should be tapped and developed. Advertising should be cost effective and appealing like eye shelf

Questions for Senior Bible Seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions for Senior Bible Seminar - Essay Example In contrast, costly grace implies something that Christians will often struggle to obtain. It refers to the gospel that one has to seek severally, a gift which should be sought and a door that man must knock to enter. Costly grace demands that man follows the teaching of the Jesus Christ. The grace depicts God’s sanctuary that Christians have to adhere to. The name cheap is used to imply grace that is not true to the living expectations of a Christian while costly is used to imply true grace that is practiced by Christians. Cheap grace is seen among Christians that pretend and preach water while drinking wine. Costly grace is seen among Christians that act according to their word. Question 2 Bonhoeffer was indicating that faith is something that Christians cannot ignore. There are different ways of expressing Christian faith. However, it is only the Christians who are true followers of Christ and uphold the concept of discipleship that have the ability of depicting true faith. Faith makes Christians to be obedient to the teachings of the Christ. Therefore, people who are not obedient to Christ teachings cannot have the ability of trusting on the word of God. ... In this, the phrase illustrated how Jesus regarded himself as a close to God. Son of Man is also used to depict the divinity of Jesus. This includes an illustration of the human nature of Jesus. Jesus was born through the Virgin Mary and this phrase was used to indicate this humane nature of Jesus. Son of Man phrase is also used to refer to ordinary man in the Bible. The phrase also refers to the savior of people. This is through the sacrificial death of Jesus where Son of Man depicts Jesus role as a ruler of human beings in God’s Kingdom. Finally, Son of Man shows Lord’s Sabbath. Question 4 According to Ferguson, obedience to God’s call is a key trait of Christian faith. This is because one cannot be able to attest of having faith when he or she cannot obey on what the teachings of the law indicate with reference to having faith in Christ. Discipleship is another characteristic of faith. People have to uphold discipleship teachings as a means of indicating their faith. Believing is a characteristic that Christians who have faith have to show in modern society. Failure to do so leads to questioning of the strength of faith for such Christians. Finally, Christian faith means one has to follow the teachings of Jesus. Question 5 This is because one cannot be saved without having faith in Jesus Christ. Faith enables people to forgive sins and their sins are forgiven, which makes them to be saved. Commentators interpret this differently because faith is not supposed to focus on saving of people, but on their obedience, believe and discipleship to Christ teachings. Question 6 A God does not deny people the ability of speaking in tongues. This is based on the spiritual manifestation of

Organizational Concept Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Concept - Coursework Example Many meta-analyses have brought about and later on confirmed the predictive value of the Big Five through a number of behaviors. The research on the Big Five has shown that there is both support and criticism for the model. There are also limitations extended to the model as the Big Five has an explanatory and predictive theory attached with it. Some suggest that this model does not explain nearly all the human personality domains and is thus regarded as an incomplete model in essence. However some are of the view that it is an extensive and comprehensive model. A manager or coach could use his self-fulfilling prediction to enhance and improve an individual’s performance levels by weighing in his strengths with the grey areas. If he believes that this individual has a good amount of strong points within his personality, he should offer him a chance to excel and in return let the organization grow and develop as a result of the same underpinnings. More than anything else, there is a dire need to put the strengths and weaknesses side by side so that the advantages and the shortcomings could be envisaged beforehand, and that the weaknesses could be plugged, the sooner the better. This manager or coach could find new ways through which this employee can work towards achieving superior performance levels in the long term scheme of things (Beach 1996). The individual can only be gauged in a proper way if there are set conditions under which he can manifest his truest basis, i.e. by giving him a trial under which he is tested to the best possible levels. The manager must realize that he has to play his cards well as far as assigning work activities and processes are concerned to the individual under him. This will bring in success for the individual, the manager and indeed the entire organization. References Beach, L (1996). Decision Making in the Workplace: A Unified Perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum

Survey - Payroll Essay Example for Free

Survey Payroll Essay A1. The most important I learned in this payroll accounting course is that there can be different methods of calculating income taxes and other taxes, but the underlying idea is to lawfully tax the earner, according to their wage-level and family structure. The different taxing figures for weekly, biweekly, monthly, semi-annually and annually salaries gives a clear picture of the differences that have been implemented by the federal board in taxing these different types of workers. Setting a standard across the board for taxing would have led to injustices to at least a group of workers. Instead, the federal board has carefully revised the different types of workers and set up taxing brackets and percentages according to their need and ability. Also, I learned the fact that the way in which taxes are calculated is very personalized (according to your earning, marital status, allowances). It is the employers’ duty to match the FICA taxes paid by the employee and contribute an equal amount to the state. There is another thing I would like to add. Payroll Accounting is a very delicate job and one has to be very clever to handle it. Although formulae and calculations are what have ton be just implemented, the person handling these figures and data should have avid knowledge and in-depth detail of their subject before attempting to do the calculations and manipulations. A2. The forms were very easy to use, given the fact that they addressed exactly what was required, nothing more or less. They were self-explanatory and there was no ambiguity at any column or cell. The website was very user-friendly. It had the clear explanation and information that enabled the user to navigate to exactly what they wanted. There were clear details on what was available and what it was used for so that the user did not have to waste time searching for what they wanted.

Who do you think is the hero of this novel Gatsby, or Nick Carraway? Es

Who do you think is the hero of this novel Gatsby, or Nick Carraway? Give full reasons for your choice I believe that "The Great Gatsby" is a book about a man, Gatsby that had an obsessive love over a woman, Daisy. It is about catching his "unattainable" vain dream and completing his goals. So in my opinion the main hero of the story is Gatsby and not Nick Carraway. However even if this novel is written about Gatsby, we should not underestimate the role of Nick. It is only through him that we get to meet Gatsby; he is the one who is making him "great" for us. Even though he is trying not to be a biased narrator, we like Gatsby when Nick likes him; we have a slight dislike for him when Nick dislikes him. Nick is more of a spectator than an actor in the story. He is just an observer that through him we get to know the other main characters of the novel. He remains apart from the romance of Daisy and Gatsby even though he is the one that brought them together. He is distanced from the other characters so he could be able to write objectively about them. This fact ...

The Mexican Revolution

Mexico’s Revolution Ariel Elias HIST 112 Proffesor Cummings 17 February 2013 Ariel Elias Professor Cummings Hist 112 17 February 2013 Mexico’s Revolution Many nations across time and the world have experienced a revolution. From the American revolution to the French revolution, history has proven conflict can engage a nation at any moment. Tanter explains that two possible scenarios, changes in the economic development and the level of education are likely to cause revolutions (Tanter 264).A revolution can be composed of a group of individuals who are willing to make the ultimate sacrifice in exchange for change in the existing government. This group of people will stop at nothing until they have completely taken over the territory they wish to control. What was the reason and who played a critical role in the Mexican revolution? Mexican political leaders and the common people would play an instrumental role in the positive or negative impact of the Mexican revolution. During 1910 and 1920, Mexico underwent a difficult and bloody time that would lead to many years of little progress in this nation’s history.The Mexican revolution is not a globally known revolution and most Americans would not initially compare it to the American revolution or understand the impact it had on Mexico. Knight states that compared to other revolutions, during the Mexican revolution many more people fought, died, and more land was destroyed (Knight 28). Some of the reasons the Mexican revolution began was due to the biased distribution of land, education, and wealth. The Mexican farmers and middle class were tired of the government treating them unfairly.The man in control of the nation during 1910 was President Porfirio Diaz. President Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico with an iron fist. Knight states that President Diaz had begun as an Army officer who had risen to power during a coup (Knight 28). Mexico’s economy was doing well at the time and Mexicoâ€⠄¢s elite prospered while President Diaz controlled the nation. Diaz originally promoted a no re-election policy, but soon conveniently disregarded that policy and ruled for several years. Under President Diaz’s rule, only the elite people of Mexico shared wealth, land and education.Knight states that this unequal distribution of power, money, and land began to create resentment amongst the common people in Mexico (Knight 29). Many leaders would soon rise up to fight for the people of Mexico and equal rights for all. Soon leaders such as Francisco Madera, General Huerta, and Emiliano Zapata would rise to fight for the country of Mexico. A revolution was inevitable and Mexico had plenty of individuals who would fight for their rights. Knight states that during 1910 President Diaz would be overthrown and Mexico would enter ten years of civil conflict (Knight 29).The first to attempt to overthrow President Diaz was Francisco Madero. Madero appealed to the middle class, Indians, and Mestizos. In 1911, the Mexican army was on the defense and President Diaz was forced to resign; Francisco Madera was immediately inaugurated. Unfortunately, Madero would not last long and in 1913, Madero was assassinated. Knight explains that General Victoriano Huerta would be the next to attempt to lead the war torn Mexico (Knight 31). The military solution would not last long and fierce fighting would continue. Emiliano Zapata would be known as one of the most famous and powerful revolutionaries during this time.Knight states that Zapata always remained a man for the people and fought very hard for his fellow compatriot (Knight 32). Zapata, known for handing out free food to the poor and supporting free education, was a loud voice and strength for the people of Mexico. Unfortunately, during what was meant to be a peaceful meeting, Zapata would be assassinated. These men positively influence the revolution and did everything they could to enable the average Mexican. The Mexican people would dedicate everything and everyone to the revolution. Chavez states that for men and boys there was only one option uring the revolution, becoming a soldier (Chavez 423). Young Mexico believed that the revolution would bring social justice and a stronger Mexico. The men from the mountains, farms and villages would unite under leaders such as Emiliano Zapata and fight against larger Mexican armies. There was a sense of pride and purpose in the revolution. The revolution empowered the average Mexican and encouraged them to fight. Knight states that revolutionaries had inadequate arms and training, but managed to dominate battles against a superior Mexican army (Knight 31).Eventually following many years of fighting a man named Alvaro Obregon was elected president. Washington states that the ideals of the Mexican revolution would eventually provide the people with a Constitution in 1917 (Washington 505). Mexico would finally reach a point in history where nation could focus on the entire nation and not an elite group. Mexico suffered ten years of war, suffering, and turmoil. Mexican leaders during 1910-1920 were unable to hold the country together and a revolution consumed the nation. The Mexican people grew tired of political greed, lack of support, and unequal treatment.Several leaders such as President Diaz would prove to be a man of one interest, himself. Others would quickly rise against him and attempt to claim the presidency. General Huerta and Francisco Madera would take the presidency by force, but would not last very long in the president office. Emiliano Zapata had a significant impact as a revolutionary who fought with the people and for the people. During the Mexican revolution, the nation would join forces and rise against lawless leaders. The men and women of Mexico would fight for many years for the equalities they knew they deserved.Eventually, the Mexican government drafted the constitution and was now able focus on the future. Works Cited Chavez Leyva, Yolanda. â€Å"`I Go To Fight For Social Justice': Children As Revolutionaries In The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920. † Peace & Change 23. 4 (1998): 423. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. Knight, Alan. â€Å"The Mexican Revolution. † History Today 30. 5 (1980): 28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. Washington, Walter. â€Å"Mexican Resistance To Communism. † Foreign Affairs 36. 3 (1958): 504-515. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2013.

Lather and Nothing Else and the Possibility of Evil

British Baptist Preacher Charles Spurgeon once said, â€Å"Beware of no man more than of yourself; we carry our worst enemies within us. † By reading â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else,† â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† and through one’s one personal struggles this quote is found to be true. Everyone faces struggles with themselves. It is yourself that is your own enemy because your mind is what creates your fears, goals and weaknesses not someone else. The story â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† talks about a barber who must decide to be either a hero or a murderer. The Possibility of Evil† deals with the evil that lies beneath the peaceful surface of a small town. In both stories topics including integrity, honesty, morals, values and work ethic are dealt with Characters in both stories encounter struggle or conflict, but something is learned through this struggle. First of all, the story â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† deals with inner struggle . The main character, the barber, is secretly a member of the resistance against the government. The conflict is introduced when Captain Torres, an executioner, walks into the barber’s shop to get shaved. That gives the barber an opportunity to kill him and become a hero. The main character then becomes very conflicted. If he decides to kill Cpt. Torres he could escape to another country, but he would still have to live with the fact that he killed someone and that feeling would haunt him for the rest of his life. The barber debated the situation in his head. Perhaps he believed killing someone would lower himself to the captain’s level. The main character came to the decision that he would not kill the captain. The barber believed he did his work honorably and didn’t want to stain his hands with blood. To each his own. That’s the way it is. To each his own. † The lesson the author intends the readers to learn is to always weigh out the pros and cons before making a difficult choice in life. Next, â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† demonstrates the sense of morality very well. Mrs. Strangeworth is an elderly lady who lives in Pleasant Town. She had lived there for a long time and believed it was her job to protect her town. She wrote anonymous letters to people spreading false rumors and wrote about people’s flaws and sent them to different citizens of that town. She believed that by sending these letters she was getting rid of the evil in her town. The struggles in this story is person vs. society because one can tell by reading this story that deep down in that old lady’s heart, she loathed the people in her town. She dealt with her struggle by writing secret letters about people and posting them. In the end her most prized possessions, her roses, were destroyed by a man after finding out she was the one sending the letters. The lesson readers take away from this story is what goes around comes around, any actions, good or bad, will have a consequence. Finally, I, myself, have gone through many struggles throughout my life. One of my biggest struggles is when I spent three weeks living on a military base. I only got a chance to leave the base once and that was to do community service but I still had to wear my combat uniform. They woke us up at 5:00 AM every morning, taken for a one hour jog and trained until 6:30 in the evening. We got a 1. 5 hour break and had to be back in our barracks by 9:00 PM. We would then polish our boots for a half hour then went to bed. They would play The Last Post at 10 PM every night and â€Å"Reveille† on the bugle every morning at 5. I struggled a lot with the schedule, home sickness and during a injury to my ankle from a Biathlon I competed in. I was so fed up with everything and just wanted to go home. I got through it because of all the amazing people that were there. The girls I shared a room with were all used to this because they have done it before. They really talked me through it and took me around the base and made it fun for me. The officers, padres and doctors there were also really supportive. There was always someone there for me to talk to. The people I met there ended up becoming my second family. I believe the lesson I learned from that experience is that it doesn’t matter who you are with or where you may be, there really is no place at home. In conclusion, as to what was stated in the introduction, everyone faces struggles with themselves. In â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† the barber struggles with himself, he doesn’t want to be a killer but killing Captain Torres could potentially save many other lives. In â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† the ain conflict I person vs. society, however, the woman also struggles with herself. She hated the people in her town and dealt with it by sending anonymous letters to citizens about their flaws or accused them of things they may not be guilty for. In a way, she’s destroying her own town by breaking the reliance people have in each other. Also, in my own struggle I was homesick and confused. I dea lt with situation I never would have imagined beforehand. As one can see, lessons were learned through struggles by both characters in these stories and through my own experiences.

Power Struggles in Contemportary Literature essays

Power Struggles in Contemportary Literature essays Contemporary novels bring a new point of view to the actions and the lives in which the struggle, consciously or unconsciously, to dominate, plays a crucial role. Because of the fact that life itself is a game of gaining power over another, these novels depict a deeper analysis of this game. Although the most striking are the ones that deal with equality of males and females, these power struggles occur not only between man and woman but also society and the individual, two close friends or any two people who are related to each other. This presentation of characters and their actions is not simply narrated; rather, the issues of who controls, how he/she controls, and the process of power struggles are explored. The audience generally is able to discern when a power struggle is taking place, because they can see characters unable to go beyond attempting to control, while the others cope with these attempts, like playing cat and mouse. Furthermore, these novels aim to represent the ch aracter that refuses to play the role anticipated by his/her social surrounding and to resist strongly the rules of people which leads someones life to be directed by others. This effort supports todays popular idea of what is called I am what I am. So, this paper aims to examine in what ways the characters in Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, Drivers Seat by Muriel Spark, and Edible Woman by Margaret Atwood attempt to control or have power over the lives and actions of others or themselves through identifying who controls, how he/she tries to do this, what the process of power struggle is and the question of whether it is easy or not. To begin with, The Bell Jar tells the story of Ester, a talented young woman who has a nervous breakdown starting in a summer internship at a magazine in New York. Her life is full of struggles with other characters in the novel. Esthers relationships with other characters are of great importanc...

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay Example

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay Example A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Paper A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Paper Essay Topic: Literature George Orwell was born in 1903 in India where his family were members of the upper middle class. He was educated at Eton but refused to attend a higher education establishment but never the less was still very well educated. He joined the Burma Police Force instead for a six-year stretch. When Orwell returned to England, he began his writing career and produced some of his most famous works. His inspiration was the political state of Europe with dictators such as Hitler and Stalin dominant. This led to the novella Animal Farm, which was written in 1944. It shows Orwells disgust with Stalins style of socialism. Animal Farm was very controversial as the state of the USSR was admired by many socialists of the time; thus his publisher Victor Gollancz refused to accept it, as did T. S. Eliot and Jonathan Cape before Martin Secker Warburg, Ltd finally accepted it in 1945. This slowed the publishing of the novella by eighteen months. It is possible to trace the origins of Animal Farm back to Orwells spell of fighting in the Spanish Civil War. He saw himself primarily as a political writer. A democratic socialist, who avoided party labels, hated totalitarianism and he became progressively disillusioned with methods of communism, his plain, colloquial style made him a highly effective pamphleteer and journalist. One of his first pamphlets was called Inside the Whale (1940). Out of all Orwells work Animal Farm is still the most famous and the way it deals with political satire. Both Swift and Orwell mixed in literary circles, Swift with writers such as Steele, Addison, Congreve and Pope. Orwell with T. S. Eliot, Cyril and Virginia Wolf. Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 in Dublin where he was educated at Trinity College. Swifts family originated in England, but then settled in Ireland, due his familys strong Protestant background, although he did support Catholics as well, as shown in Modest Proposal threw no separation of the poor, into religious beliefs. In 1689 Swift became private secretary to William Temple who introduced him to the literary, political and aristocratic circles of the time. It was from Temples style that Swift developed his literary powers and got involved in political affairs. During his time with Temple, Swift wrote three satires A Tale of a Tub, The battle of books and Discoveries concerning the mechanical operation of spirit. Swift became vicar of Laracor in Ireland but kept returning to England where he was heavily involved in politics. After Temple died Swift, began to produce pamphlets. In 1701 he wrote one praising the conduct of the Whig, or liberal leaders. This work, A discourse of the contest and dissensions between the nobles and commons in Athens and Rome. The majority of Swifts literary pieces are based on real people and events. For example Gullivers Travels (1726), lampooned the Whigs as the little men while his friends the Tories took the form of Gulliver. From this point on Swift focused his energy on Irish affairs. A Modest Proposal was written in 1729, as a pamphlet discussing the political state of Ireland at the time. Animal Farm and a modest Proposal are written in entirely different genres. Orwells Animal Farm, is written in the novella genre, more specifically as an extended fairy story. The novella is an allegorical representation of events in Russia following the fall of the Tsar in 1917. It mainly focuses on Stalins government of the country from the 1920s to the end of the Second World War. The story can also be taken as a more general attack on and analysis of the search for power and the way in which corrupt figures can gain and manipulate for their own purposes. The animals revolution directly mirrors the Russian Revolution; the animals over throw the humans, Just as the Bolshevik Party over threw the Romanov Dynasty. Swifts A Modest Proposal is written as a political pamphlet, arguing an expedient solution to the problem of poverty among Irelands poor. One of sixty plus pieces on Irish affairs Swift wrote after 1920. The pamphlet can be broken down into six sections. To begin with Swift sets out the problem, which is the overcrowding in Dublin, this is followed by his solution to sell yearling children of the poor, to the wealthy for food. In the next section Swift digresses and talks about how his suggestion can be executed. In the following section a list of advantages is given for the reader. Section five gives the reader some reasons why no other solutions will work. The final section is Swifts disclaimer, this covers him for has previously been said. Swifts satirical writing gives him the freedom to taunt the government of the time, with his appalling proposal. George Orwells style in Animal Farm is a novella as opposed to a pamphlet like Modest Proposal. This is noticeable through the narrative form, characters and a theme. The theme, corruption of power differs to Modest Proposal that concentrates not so much on corruption but an attack on the selfish misuse of power. E. g. Swift thought of himself as English. At the time of the Battle of the Boyne, when William defeated James II in 1690 (the Glorious Revolution had been peaceful in England but bloody in Ireland), Swift was with Temple in Surrey. Yet after this time he became increasingly known as an Irish patriot. What he experienced in Ireland was very similar to the experience of the American colonists under George III all the disadvantages of direct rule from London, and none of advantages. Since no politician in England gave much thought to Ireland, the land was bled by absentee landlords, denied fair trading terms and ruled by second-rate officials who could behave irresponsibly with no one to care about the consequences. Corruption is shown almost immediately through Old Major and his commandments, which act as a motif, misleading the animals into believing what he says is best for them. To begin with he tells the animals All animals are equal then the 7 commandments are abridged for the last time simply reading, All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. At this point the pigs are behaving like humans: buying newspapers, smoking and wearing clothes. Although from the beginning the animals are anthropomorphic but still retain enough animal characteristics for them to be credible as farm animals. The pigs take this to the extreme. The authorial voice in Animal Farm is that of a storyteller writing in a traditional format. Simple detail is paid to characters and setting for example references to the farm and immediate identification with the animals: The hens perched themselves on the window -sills, the pigeons fluttered up to the rafters Simple and straight forward. Animal Farm follows a conventional narrative structure. The narrator tells its events in chronological order. The story itself contains a believable mixture of human and animal characters- even when the human characters are seen to clearly understand what the animals are saying- for example, when Pilkington makes his to Napoleon speech at the end of the novel, the reader believes that the two understand each other. The repetition of various ideas and images forms a pattern in the text. In particular Majors speech at the start of the novella is echoed and referred to throughout the novella, to provide a standard by which the pigs actions are judged. The placing of the speech at the start of the novella, means that the reader shares the animals enthusiasm for the vision of the future and becomes progressively more disappointed as the novella continues and we see those ideals destroyed: we are told several times that the animals work like slaves. The novella is aimed at the masses, as it is cleverly written to reach the population on a number of levels; one being the message that not everything you are told by the authoritarian figure shouldnt be believed and trusted. Animal Farms purpose is to highlight the corruption of power in the USSR under Stalin. A Modest proposal however addresses only the educated middle classes. The authorial voice in A Modest Proposal is of an English economist, spoken in a matter-of-fact manner leading the audience into agreement with the argument, and then giving a massive blow with his actual proposal, the shock of undeniable cannibalism. E. g. always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. It could be argued that Orwells writing directly descends fro that of Swifts simple, straightforward and concise. The format of Animal Farm consists of very little dialogue, it is written in story form similar to a childrens storybook with a lot of information condensed into a few words. Orwell makes a statement and leaves it! The plot carries forward at a rapid rate and doesnt get involved in small affairs. Orwell allows events to speak for themselves. There are no lengthy sentences introspective passages or emotional feelings. It has an objective style with the reader always kept at arms length. The humans in the novel are stereotypical as is shown on page 41 with Mr Whymer the greedy lawyer He was a sly-looking little man. Orwells simplistic child-like style shows through with his explanation of what a cheque is. It is almost biblical in its simplicity. Biblical overtones appear again with the commandments, which equates to animalism 7 deadly sins. Swift uses syllogism in his proposal. He turns argument on its head to state the following: If starving children are killed at one year old. The children can help to feed the state. Therefore by the end of his proposal he states starving children can benefit the state. This is a style of argument, which shows Swifts indebtedness to Rabelais, who made much of this type of turning a point of view on its head. Another technique of Swifts is to write in character e. g. Gullivers Travels where he writes as a seafaring man on his travels. In Modest Proposal Swift writes as an economist. Therefore the horror of the proposal can be stated in all its shocking detail since it is no more horrible than the horrors already existing and which are sanctioned by that social group, which are the audience of the pamphlet. The educated and well to do classes who had been instrumental in passing the laws which had made Ireland so poverty stricken. Which gives the ultimate irony of A Modest Proposal! Reference to the oppressive laws, which the protestant parliament in London hand inflicted on catholic Ireland. Another technique in Modest Proposal is Swift developed one idea by continued reference to another so that every statement was double edged. E. g. I have already computed the charge . its for the carcass of a good fat child. The horrors are all the more effective because they are presented in such a matter of fact voice, they are introduced easily as evidence to support a rational argument. The appeal is to the readers practical reasonableness no attempt is made to incite pity or indignation, it is only at the end that he makes a full frontal. Swift like every writer has his critics. A. Humphreys says that he favours the intellectual exercise of forming a link between idea and image He puts forward the idea that Ireland is in desperate straits with the poor, and links this with the image of how the Irish poor live. Following on from this is the idea that the problem can be solved, which leads to the image of yearling children, being fattened for the table. a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food D. W Jefferson argues that too much emphasis has been placed on the simplicity of Swifts style. But he sees this style as having a wider purpose a) it follows the be Augustan style which stressed the need for clarity of expression but b) this simple style was essential for Swift because he was often putting over a simple tale i. e. simply told Gullivers Travels. This is also apparent in Modest Proposal where he takes on the persona of an economist who is setting out a list as it were of the economic status quo to follow it with a list of proposals to improve the situation. To concentrate on style in his manner however is to ignore the comic and sometimes-hilarious wit that Swift can show. For this he is indebted to Rabelais, Donne and Jonnson. E. g. In Tale of Tub he leans heaverily on Rabelais by the way in which he exploits ideas to build up comedy and by the way he misapplies learned ideas to support an audacious conclusion. Whilst the wit in Modest Proposal is not of the same satirical play on words as Animal Farm, it does none the less have a strong bite to it. E. g. in Animal Farm. We laugh at the animals, as the thought of a pig climbing up a ladder with a paintbrush in his trotter is amusing. Where as in Modest Proposal when the idea of stewing, roasting, baking or boiling a child is put across at first this is disturbing but taking it into context it is a witty description of a horrific suggestion. Many critics would argue that the greatest satire in English Language is Jonathan Swifts a A Modest Proposal, but because Swift and his narrator are so tightly intertwined, even sophisticated readers often emerge form their confused. He attacks his own Protestant, English community by creating a narrator who considers himself a reasonable and compassionate fellow, but who combines a repulsive anti-Catholic bigotry with modest proposal that is actually a final solution; he advocates cannibalism as a means countering Irish Catholic poverty, abortion, and the high birth rate. Orwells writing style descends directly from that of Swift the Augustan style of writing has been inherited through the centuries. Both literary pieces are political satires, portraying a government of the their time. Swifts is aimed at the upper class politicians in Ireland, where as Orwells is suitable for all ages yet still has a powerful message hidden within its meaning. Written in different genres to reflect was acceptable at the time of writing and the style they are written in. The problems that Orwell encountered when attempting to publish his novella are no means extinct, a twenty first novelist is still encountering these troubles as her novel is a political satire, that is satirising the current British government and their policies and conduct. Carole Haymans Hard Choices is said to be an inappropriate determination to satirise New Labour when Tony Blair is doing so much for America! The novella is futuristic set in 2010. So even today in a society that is said to have evolved and accepts most things and people the literary world is still encountering problems. In conclusion both Swift and Orwells pieces have fulfilled their intent to, instruct the public about the corruption that has in the past taken place within ruling parties and their level of power.

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition

The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, which began the era of  Prohibition. Ratified on Jan. 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment on Dec. 5, 1933. In the over 200 years of U.S. Constitutional Law, the 18th Amendment remains the only amendment to ever have been repealed.   The 18th Amendment Key Takeaways The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture and distribution of alcohol (known as Prohibition), on Jan. 16, 1919.  The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement.The result was the destruction of an entire industry, including loss of jobs and tax revenue, and general lawlessness as people openly flaunted the law.  The Great Depression was an instrumental reason for its repeal.  The 21st Amendment repealing the 18th was ratified in December 1933, the only amendment ever to be repealed. Text of the 18th Amendment Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Proposal of the 18th Amendment   The road to national prohibition was riddled with a plethora of states laws that mirrored a national sentiment for temperance. Of the states that already had bans on manufacturing and distributing alcohol, very few had sweeping successes as a result, but the 18th Amendment sought to remedy this.   On August 1, 1917, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution detailing a version of the above three sections to be presented to states for ratification. The vote passed 65 to 20 with Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition while the Democrats voted 36 to 12.   On December 17, 1917, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of a revised resolution 282 to 128, with Republicans voting 137 to 62 and Democrats voting 141 to 64. Additionally, four independents voted for and two against it. The Senate approved this revised version the next day with a vote of 47 to 8 where it then went on to the States for ratification. Ratification of the 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919, in Washington, D.C. with Nebraskas for vote pushing the amendment over the required 36 states needed to approve the bill. Of the 48 states in the U.S. at the time (Hawaii and Alaska became states in the U.S. in 1959), only Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected the amendment, though New Jersey did not ratify it until three years later in 1922.   The National Prohibition Act was written to define the language and execution of the amendment and despite President Woodrow Wilsons attempt to veto the act, Congress and the Senate overrode his veto and set the start date for prohibition in the United States to January 17, 1920, the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment.   The Temperance Movement Temperance Parade. Chicago History Museum/Getty Images At the time of its passage, the 18th Amendment was the culmination of well over a century of activity by members of the temperance movement- people who wanted the total abolishment of alcohol. In the mid-19th century in the United States and elsewhere, the rejection of alcohol began as a religious movement, but it never gained traction: The revenue from the alcohol industry was phenomenal even then. As the new century turned, however, so did the focus of the temperance leadership.   Temperance became a platform of the Progressive Movement, a political and cultural movement that was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. The Progressives wanted to clean up slums, end child labor, enforce shorter working hours, improve working conditions for people in factories, and stop excessive drinking. Banning alcohol, they felt, would protect the family, aid personal success, and reduce or eliminate crime and poverty.   The leaders of the movement were in the Anti-Saloon League of America, who, allied with the Womens Christian Temperance Union mobilized the Protestant churches and obtained major funding from businessmen and the corporate elite. Their activities were instrumental in achieving the two-thirds majority needed in both houses to initiate what would become the 18th Amendment.   The Volstead Act   The original wording of the 18th amendment barred the manufacture, sale, transportation, and exportation of intoxicating beverages, but it didnt define what intoxicating meant. Many of the people who supported the 18th amendment believed that the real problem was saloons and that drinking was acceptable in respectable settings.  The 18th amendment didnt prohibit imports (the Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 did that) but Webb-Kenyon only enforced the imports when it was illegal in the receiving states. At first, people who wanted alcohol could get it semi-legally and safely.   But the Volstead Act, which was passed by Congress and then came into effect on January 16, 1920, defined the intoxicating level at .05 percent alcohol by volume. The utilitarian arm of the temperance movement wanted to ban saloons and control alcohol production: People believed their own drinking was blameless, but it was bad for everyone else and the society at large. The Volstead Act made that untenable: If you wanted alcohol, you now had to get it illegally.   The Volstead Act also created the first Prohibition Unit, in which men and women were hired at the federal level to serve as prohibition agents. Consequences of the 18th Amendment   The result of the combined 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act was economic devastation in the liquor industry. In 1914, there were 318 wineries, in 1927 there were 27. Liquor wholesalers were cut by 96 percent, and the number of legal retailers by 90 percent. Between 1919 and 1929, tax revenue from distilled spirits dropped from $365 million to under $13 million; revenues from fermented liquors went from $117 million to virtually nothing.   Bans on liquor importation and exportation crippled American ocean liners who were competing with other countries. Farmers lost the legal market of their crops to distilleries. Its not that the framers didnt realize that they would be losing the tax revenue they got from the alcohol industry (not to mention job loss and raw material market loss): They simply believed after World War I that prosperity and economic growth would be adequately bolstered by the gains of the Progressive movement, including doing away with alcohol, to overcome any initial costs.   Bootlegging   Marcia Frost One main consequence of the 18th Amendment was the steep  increase in smuggling and bootlegging- massive quantities of alcohol were smuggled out of Canada or made in small stills. There was no funding provided in the 18th Amendment for federal policing or prosecuting drink-related crimes. Although the Volstead Act created the first federal Prohibition Units, it didnt really become effective at the national level until 1927. State courts became clogged with alcohol-related cases.   When voters recognized that even near beer productions by the limping alcohol manufacturers Coors, Miller, and Anheuser Busch were now not legally accessible, tens of millions of people refused to obey the law. Illegal operations to manufacture alcohol and speakeasies to distribute it were rife. Juries would often not convict bootleggers, who were seen as Robin Hood figures. Despite the level of overall criminality, the mass violations by the public created lawlessness and a widespread disrespect for the law.   Rise of the Mafia   The opportunities for making money in the bootlegging business were not lost on organized crime in the United States. As legitimate alcohol businesses closed, the Mafia and other gangs took control of its production and sale. These became sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade.   The Mafia were protected by crooked police and politicians who were bribed to look the other way. The most notorious of the Mafia dons was Chicagos Al Capone, who earned an estimated $60 million annually from his bootlegging and speakeasy operations. Income from bootlegging flowed into the old vices of gambling and prostitution, and the resulting widespread criminality and violence added to the growing demand for repeal. Although there were arrests during the 1920s, the Mafias lock on bootlegging was only successfully broken by repeal. Support for Repeal The growth of support for the repeal of the 18th amendment had everything to do with the promises of the Progressive movement balanced with the devastation of the Great Depression.   But even before the stock market crash in 1929, the Progressive reform movement, which had seemed so idyllic in its plan for a healthier society, lost credibility. The Anti-Saloon League insisted on zero tolerance and aligned itself with distasteful elements such as the Ku Klux Klan. Young people saw progressive reform as a suffocating status quo. Many prominent officials warned about the consequences of lawlessness: Herbert Hoover made it a central plank on his successful bid for the presidency in 1928. A year after the stock market crashed, six million men were out of work; in the first three years after the crash, an average of 100,000 workers were fired every week. The politicians who had argued that progressivism would bring prosperity were now held responsible for the depression.   By the early 1930s, the same corporate and religious elite people who supported the establishment of the 18th Amendment now lobbied for its repeal. One of the first was Standard Oils John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a major financial supporter of the 18th Amendment. On the night before the 1932 Republican convention, Rockefeller said that he now supported repeal of the Amendment, despite being a teetotaler on principle.   Repeal of the 18th Amendment After Rockefeller, many other businessmen signed on, saying that the benefits of prohibition were far outweighed by the costs. There was a growing socialist movement in the country, and people were organizing into unions: The elite businessmen including Pierre Du Pont of Du Pont manufacturing and Alfred P. Sloan Jr. of General Motors were frankly terrified.   The political parties were more cautious: Both were for Resubmission of the 18th amendment to the states and if the popular vote agreed, they would move to repeal it. But they were split on who would receive economic benefits. The Republicans wanted liquor control to lie with the federal government, while the Democrats wanted it returned to the states. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. quietly endorsed repeal: His main promises for the presidency were balanced budgets and fiscal integrity. After he won and the Democrats swept in with him in December 1933, the lame-duck 72nd Congress reconvened and the Senate voted to submit the 21st Amendment to state conventions. The House approved it in February. In March 1933, Roosevelt asked Congress to modify the Volstead Act to allow 3.2 percent near beer and in April it was legal in most of the country. FDR had two cases shipped to the White House. On Dec. 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment, and the 18th Amendment was repealed.   Sources Blocker Jr., Jack S. Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation. American Journal of Public Health 96.2 (2006): 233–43. Print.Bourdreaux, Donald J., and A.C. Pritchard. The Price of Prohibition. Arizona Law Review 36 (1994). Print.Dietler, Michael. Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.1 (2006): 229–49. Print.Levine, Harry Gene. The Birth of American Alcohol Control: Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness. Contemporary Drug Problems 12 (1985): 63–115. Print.Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition. The American Economic Review 81.2 (1991): 242–47. Print.Webb, Holland. Temperance Movements and Prohibition. International Social Science Review 74.1/2 (1999): 61–69. Print.